Introduction
LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) is a popular and highly effective refractive eye surgery used to correct common vision problems, including myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. The procedure aims to reduce or eliminate a person’s dependence on glasses or contact lenses. It works by precisely reshaping the cornea—the clear, dome-shaped tissue at the front of the eye—so that light traveling through it is properly focused onto the retina at the back of the eye. LASIK is an elective procedure chosen by millions worldwide for its quick recovery time and the immediate, significant improvement it offers in visual acuity.

Surgical Procedure
LASIK is an outpatient procedure that typically takes less than 15 minutes for both eyes.
First, the eye is completely numbed using anesthetic eye drops. The patient remains awake but relaxed. A specialized device is used to keep the eyelids open and prevent blinking.
The surgeon then creates a very thin, circular flap in the outer layer of the cornea. This is done using either a microkeratome (a precise mechanical blade) or a femtosecond laser. The flap is gently folded back, exposing the underlying corneal tissue (the stroma).
Next, a highly specialized excimer laser is used to reshape the exposed cornea. The laser uses a cool ultraviolet light beam to precisely remove microscopic amounts of tissue, flattening the cornea for nearsightedness, steepening it for farsightedness, or smoothing it for astigmatism. The laser is guided by a computer programmed with the exact measurements of the patient’s eye.
Once the cornea is reshaped, the flap is carefully laid back in place. It acts as a natural bandage and adheres securely without the need for stitches.

Surgical Risks
While LASIK has a very high success rate and safety profile, it is a surgical procedure and carries inherent risks. Some patients may not achieve perfect 20/20 vision and may still need glasses for certain activities, like driving at night or reading as they age (presbyopia).

General Complications
The most common side effects are usually temporary and resolve within a few weeks to months:
– Dry eyes: This is the most common complaint. LASIK can temporarily decrease tear production, causing eyes to feel scratchy, dry, or gritty. Lubricating eye drops are typically prescribed.
– Visual disturbances: In the days or weeks following surgery, patients may experience glare, halos around bright lights, starbursts, or double vision, particularly at night.
– Mild discomfort or a feeling that something is in the eye during the first 24 hours.

Rare but Serious Complications
Severe complications that can threaten vision are very rare but include:
– Flap complications: Problems with the corneal flap, such as it not adhering properly, wrinkling, or becoming infected.
– Corneal ectasia: A progressive thinning and bulging of the cornea, leading to distorted vision.
– Severe infection or inflammation inside the eye.
– Overcorrection or undercorrection: The laser may remove too much or too little tissue, requiring an enhancement surgery later.

Pre-operative Preparation
– Comprehensive Eye Exam: A thorough evaluation is required to ensure you are a suitable candidate. The doctor will measure corneal thickness, map the surface of the cornea, and check for dry eyes or other eye diseases.
– Contact Lenses: You must stop wearing contact lenses (which can alter the shape of your cornea) for a specific period before your evaluation and surgery—typically 1 to 3 weeks for soft lenses and longer for hard lenses.
– Avoid Makeup: Do not wear eye makeup, perfumes, or lotions on the day of the surgery to prevent infection and ensure the laser functions optimally.
– Transportation: Arrange for someone to drive you home after the procedure.

Post-operative Care
Immediately after the surgery, your eyes may itch, burn, or feel watery. Your vision will likely be blurry. You will be given protective eye shields to wear. You should go home and rest or sleep for a few hours.

Wound Care
– Do not rub your eyes under any circumstances, as this could dislodge the corneal flap.
– Wear the provided eye shields while sleeping for the first few nights.
– Use prescribed antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops exactly as directed to prevent infection and aid healing.
– Use artificial tears frequently to manage dry eyes.

Diet
No dietary restrictions are necessary following LASIK surgery.

Post-discharge Notes
Recovery is remarkably fast. Most patients notice significantly improved vision within 24 hours and can return to work the next day.
– Avoid swimming, hot tubs, and contact sports for at least two to four weeks.
– Keep water, soap, and shampoo out of your eyes while showering.
– Wear sunglasses to protect your eyes from bright light and UV rays.
– Attend all scheduled follow-up appointments (usually the day after surgery, and then periodically over the next few months). Contact your doctor immediately if you experience severe pain or a sudden worsening of vision.