Skin grafting is a surgical procedure in which a piece of healthy skin is taken from one area of the body (the donor site) and transplanted to another area (the recipient site) that has lost its protective skin covering. This procedure is essential for treating deep burns, large wounds, severe infections, or areas where skin has been removed due to skin cancer surgery. The graft provides a new protective barrier, prevents fluid loss, reduces the risk of infection, and promotes healing. Skin grafts can be "split-thickness," involving only the top layers of skin, or "full-thickness," which includes all layers of the skin and is used for more visible areas like the face.

A biopsy is a medical procedure that involves removing a small sample of tissue or cells from the body for examination under a microscope. It is a crucial diagnostic tool used to determine the presence, cause, or extent of a disease. Biopsies are most commonly performed to investigate abnormal tissue growths (tumours) to determine whether they are benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can also be used to diagnose infections, inflammatory conditions, and autoimmune disorders. The information obtained from a biopsy is essential for doctors to formulate an accurate diagnosis and develop an effective, personalised treatment plan.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an advanced neurosurgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in specific areas of the brain. These electrodes produce electrical impulses that regulate abnormal impulses or affect certain cells and chemicals within the brain. The amount of stimulation is controlled by a pacemaker-like device placed under the skin in the upper chest, connected to the electrodes by a wire travelling under the skin. DBS is primarily used to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia, particularly when medications are no longer effective or cause severe side effects. It can significantly reduce symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement), improving the patient's mobility and quality of life.

A craniotomy is a major neurosurgical procedure where a section of the skull, known as a bone flap, is temporarily removed to access the brain. This surgery is carried out to treat a range of serious neurological conditions, including brain tumours, aneurysms, blood clots (haematomas), traumatic brain injuries, epilepsy, or severe nerve pain. By opening the skull, the neurosurgeon can directly see and operate on the affected area of the brain. Once the underlying problem has been dealt with, the bone flap is usually replaced and secured with small titanium plates and screws. Craniotomies are complex procedures that demand immense precision and are vital for saving lives or preventing permanent neurological damage.