In the programme "Healthy Morning," we discussed the symptoms, treatment, and prevention of meningitis. Meningitis is a serious illness that affects the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This disease not only affects young children, but older people also need to be aware, as their immune systems may not be as robust as those of younger individuals.
Methods of transmission of meningitis
Meningitis can be caused by bacteria or viruses, and is usually spread through droplets, such as sneezes, saliva and nasal mucus. When severe bacteria such as meningococcus invade the blood or the membranes and spinal cord, it can trigger meningitis, which damages the central nervous system, with the most severe outcome being death.
Symptoms of meningitis in different age groups
The symptoms of meningitis vary depending on the age group and the type of bacteria causing the infection. For young children or infants who cannot express themselves, fever is the first symptom of inflammation. If an infant under three months old has a fever, paediatricians will be very cautious in ruling out the possibility of meningitis and will recommend hospital admission for observation. For slightly older children, vigilance is also required if symptoms such as poor mental state, loss of appetite, convulsions, or confusion appear.
For adults or older children, meningitis can present with severe headaches, sensitivity to light, and a stiff neck, in addition to a high fever. These symptoms differ from a common cold, so parents should be aware. If meningitis is suspected, seek medical attention immediately, as early detection and treatment are crucial.
Meningitis treatment
The treatment for meningitis depends on the type of infection. Bacterial meningitis requires the use of antibiotics to kill the bacteria and prevent further spread. Viral meningitis, on the other hand, often has no specific antiviral drugs and only supportive therapy can be used to alleviate symptoms, such as using anti-seizure medication to control convulsions or a ventilator to assist with breathing.
The severity and recovery rate of meningitis in Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the severity of meningitis and the recovery rate depend on the type of bacteria involved.For example, meningococcal infection can be fatal within 24 hours; even for those fortunate enough to survive, approximately 20–30% of patients will suffer from severe long-term complications, such as impaired cognitive function, hearing or vision, or may even require amputation.
The best way to prevent meningitis
The best way to prevent meningitis is through vaccination. Different vaccines are available to protect against meningitis caused by different bacteria. Parents should consult with their paediatrician or family doctor to decide which vaccines are appropriate for their child, based on their circumstances and future needs. For example, it is advisable to get vaccinated against meningococcal B disease in advance if there are plans to study or travel to the UK in the future.
Parents should be aware that children's immune systems are not yet fully mature and that good personal and environmental hygiene is important. Vaccination is the best way to prevent serious infections, especially in the post-COVID era with reduced social distancing and increased travel and contact. Therefore, it is very important to vaccinate children early to provide them with the best possible protection.
Source: [Health Dan] (25 June 2024) https://tinyurl.com/ysfsr8a9
